Yes, the em dash is used in formal writing. Dashes might look like hyphens, but they aren’t the same. It is also called a long dash or an em dash. g. Hyphens and dashes. Punctuation Em-dash before question mark. Use an En dash as a replacement for the word ‘to’ or to denote a range of numbers. Question mark! Exclamation point. apostrophe. I tried using sharpkeys but it wouldn't let me use a chord, only single key press. , the India–Pakistan issue) To extend sentences just like colons, semicolons, and three dots (e. As an outcome those characters are generated in the excel as shown below, which contains a kind of question mark. Em-dashes. Original text in html page Click the Edit button to change a field's label, width and type-ahead options Replace text in html page Click the Edit button to change a. In French, the period is not used after abbreviations of measurement: 25 m (mètres), 12 min (minutes), etc. In order to type an en dash on a Mac product, you can hold down the ‘Option’ and ‘-‘ keys simultaneously and an en dash ‘–’ should appear. To create an em-dash on a Mac computer, hold down the shift and option/alt and type -. An alternative way of displaying speech is via the em dash. The em dash helps separate the parts of a sentence. It is longer than both the en dash and the hyphen, and its length is equal to the width of the letter “M” in the given font. When you describe a flight or itinerary, you can use an en dash. It is wider than an en dash (–) or a hyphen (-). Feb. British authors often prefer to use an en-dash ( – ) with spaces on either side rather than the em. Option C is eliminated because there must be some punctuation for linking. If the second clause starts with who then it will become dependent and therefore won't be preceded by a semicolon. If the action is in the middle of a sentence, use em dashes outside the quotation marks. ColonsFrom The Punctuation Guide : “The em dash is perhaps the most versatile punctuation mark. This makes them a useful punctuation mark when we want to convey an argument or rapid back-and-forth dialogue between characters. fiscal year 2020–21. Do not use the first one to mean a dash; it never does. Consider the examples below:3. This is really useful if you're a few words over the 650 word limit and need to trim a bit. One other exception is dialogue, where authors will. Proper use of punctuation marks can greatly enhance the readability and effectiveness of written communication. " "The sixth edition. Examples. In the "Text" tab you will find the list of substitutions. The “slightly different” part is, to me, the em dash’s appeal summarized. Alternatively, pairs of em dashes are used to mark off additionalMy question is the same as keymap swap underscore and dash, but for Windows instead of Linux. This measurement is. Easily find character codes for the HTML # sign, HTML @ symbol (at symbol), HTML percent sign, HTML ampersand (& HTML code), HTML copyright symbol and HTML caret insertion point, along with regular punctuation like the question mark, exclamation point, non-breaking hyphen, non-breaking space and more. If a sentence ends with quoted material, the period is placed inside the closing quotation mark, even if the period is not part of the original quotation. It is a versatile punctuation mark that can take the place of commas, parentheses, colons, and semicolons in sentences. The longer EM dash is used as a break or to separate additional information in a sentence. Underscore: _. Em dashes are used to set off elements of text with internal punctuation, and en dashes to indicate a numerical range or hyphenate an open compound: The library is organized so that any question—whether technical, reference, or circulation—can be answered by staff. The question mark can be followed with a dash where necessary: He left—would you believe it?—immediately after the ball. But to show a true interruption, the kind that occurs when a speaker is cut off in the middle of sentence or a word, we’ll need something stronger than a comma—namely, an em dash (see also CMOS 6. “A dash is a mark of separation stronger than a comma, less formal than a colon, and more relaxed than parentheses. A numeric character reference in hexadecimal format. Upon firing the company’s non-salaried employees—and. The em dash, or long dash, is the only punctuation mark on a keyboard that. This technique is best suited for creative or informal writing. Interjections can stand alone as minor sentences, punctuated with a period, exclamation point, or question mark. The 2010–2011 season was our best yet. Character escapes used in markup include numeric character references (NCRs) and named character references. In example 4, the 1st quote should be a complete sentence or an ellipse followed by a new paragraph describing Bob's face, followed by another paragraph with Peter's response. EM-DASH (–) – with this punctuation mark, you can introduce an explanation or specification, make a break in thought, or separate two parts of the sentence. Capitalization rules. The em dash should be used sparingly in your writing. The en dash, often overlooked, is a punctuation mark that can be used in place of an em dash. For the the complete list of the first 256 Windows ALT Codes, visit Windows ALT Codes for Special Characters & Symbols. The Latin preposition cum means “combined with,” “also used as,” or “along with being. ’ — Eleanor Roosevelt. If you use it in academic writing, you might look unsure of yourself. Windows. ”. Clark went to the Miami Heat – Boston Celtics game. g. immediately recalled the books. Although the en dash and em dash are the most commonly used types of dashes, there is another type of dash called the 3-em dash (the size of three em dashes). This method can get messy if you have more than two speakers in a conversation, so use it with care. But in that case the dash is supposed to be the length of the omitted word, not just a mere em-dash. In informal writing, feet and inches are sometimes expressed as, for example, 5′ 10″ (read: five feet and ten inches). The other function is to punctuate compound modifiers that include an open compound or two or more hyphenated compounds. For instance, you would render a character named Mr. The Spanish names for the hyphen, en-dash and em-dash are guión, semiraya o raya menor, and raya, respectively. Sometimes, the comma indicates a pause that would occur if the sentence were spoken aloud. (it will become an em dash. Character encoding is a link between the visual representation of a character (like a registration mark or em-dash) and the bytes that store them in memory. Pre-electric typewriters normally had only the hyphen-width dash to apply to situations calling for em dashes, so the usual method in U. The em-dash emphasizes the conclusion of the sentence, but with less formality than a colon. The quotation marks indicating Isaac's thoughts emphasize his uncertainty about the future. It can either become: Woman: without her, man is nothing. Em dash (—) Twice as long as the en dash, the em dash can be used in place of a comma, parenthesis, or colon to enhance readability or emphasize the conclusion of a sentence. However, I can't recall an em dash being used according to your first case in modern publishing. The translation being made in our system is from a small subset of characaters to an upside-down question mark. What is a hyphen? It is a short horizontal line (-) used as a punctuation mark. The commands extendash and extemdash are also used to produce en-dash (–), and em-dash (—), respectively. Like parentheses, the em dash can set off nonessential elements; but it does the parentheses one better—it can also set off essential elements. In dialogue, question marks, exclamation points, and em dashes typically fall within closing quotation marks. em. Ellipsis (…) [edit | edit source] A sequence of three dots is known as an ellipsis, which is commonly used to indicate omitted text. Note that in British English, the punctuation marks only go inside of the quotation marks if the punctuation is part of the quoted material, although many writers make an exception for periods. m. The correct use of question and exclamation marks. The em dash triggers readers’ brains to insert a slightly longer pause, which can aid in reading comprehension. C. First, one is longer: The em dash (—) → which is like two hyphens joined together. What you read in the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas is correct: only parenthetical remarks and dialogues are correct uses of the em-dash in Spanish. Wave dash ( ～)Sorted by: 58. Mac. Intuition is important to survival: studies show that instinct can beat analytical thinking in a crisis. If you’re operating on a Mac, the basic instructions for MS Word and Google Docs above should still apply — though you’ll have different keyboard shortcuts. There are enough exceptions to this general rule, however, to warrant the following chart, which shows nearly all of the scenarios you are likely to face. . To properly use the em dash, spaces should not be placed around it unless the text is being italicized. Treat etc. The em dash can be used in place of commas, colons, semicolons, and parentheses to increase sentence variety and readability. Like the em dash, the en dash is typically available on your word processor’s symbol map, or it may even be inserted automatically by your word processor when you type inclusive numbers or dates with a hyphen between them. How to use en dashes. (stenoscript) The dash may be written low, along the baseline, or high, at x-height, as convenient for whichever letters it links to. The different styles of dashes include the en dash “–”, the em dash “—”, and the horizontal bar “―”. m. Follow. En Dash: –. The semicolon is also used between two independent clauses linked by a transitional expression (e. When a character hits a server or email. On a Windows-based system, you can form an em dash on a keyboard by holding down the Alt key and typing 0151. On cell phones running Android’s Gboard or iOS operating systems, press and hold the hyphen on the onscreen keyboard. To illustrate, I’m going to reproduce the first sentence of this paragraph, but with a semicolon:Question Marks, Exclamation Points, and Em Dashes. An em dash is a punctuation mark used to separate elements within a sentence, typically words or phrases that are too long to be separated by commas or need a dramatic pause during reading. Many programs also automatically create an em dash when you type two single hyphens together. Here’s how to master the em-dash, exclamation point and question mark. Em dashes (—) are extremely versatile. For further reasons, why you should use T1 encoding, have a look at this question: Why should I use usepackage[T1]{fontenc}? You should use a. 2. The em dash in American English is a punctuation mark that helps to convey emphasis, introduction, interruption, or a swift change of thought. Enter the Dash. Aether still appears as a poetic affectation, especially in reference to the word’s ancient Greek and Latin senses, but. For your example: “Well, I thought you—” He stopped himself. An en dash (the shorter dash) expresses a range of values (times, years, dollar amounts). If you're including terminal punctuation (period, question mark, exclamation mark), your speaker's sentence isn't being interrupted, so you wouldn't use em dashes at all. So, they cannot be linked by comma (Commas are only used to link a dependent and an independent clause). Some word processing programs read the two hyphens automatically as the single mark of punctuation known as an em dash, which the program will process as this: (—). And the final em dash before the question mark does nothing but to emphasize the distraction, in my opinion. The August–September issue of a magazine. Deploy single quote marks used for quotes within dialogue. Type another word. For Example: Weeding, planting, and watering — that’s all we did this weekend to clean up the garden. 4. I believe you can also type a space before typing the quote, then delete the space. A hyphen. . Otherwise, confusion rather than clarity is likely. (I usually just replace all curly single quotes with ' and all curly. 86 Em dash between noun and pronoun; 6. “What are you talking about—wait, Johnny said it was Maria!”. Notice in these examples, the em-dash has no spaces around it, while the en-dash does. Em dashes can be used to replace pairs of commas and parentheses. Formally, this job is reserved for the em dash, but there is some leniency in use depending on the publisher. 857k 235 1581 1959. ”. 1. Dashes are used to separate two words into statements. If you prefer, you can configure your keyboard in Windows to accept Unicode codepoint numbers, instead of "traditional". Hyphens are used to create compound words like: Load-bearing; Well-loved; Great-looking; Less-commonly used punctuation marks Interrobang. The employee—hoping to go home early—rushed her tasks. Quotation from wiki ( Em dash) When an actual em dash is unavailable—as in the ASCII character set—a double ("--") or triple hyphen-minus ("---") is used. Please read pages 70–77 in your text. If you guessed that it’s as wide as the letter “M,” you get a gold star. American usage puts the month first, followed by the day, and then the year. Example. If your keyboard can't produce a dash, you will have to resort to a hyphen as a stand-in. By Jessica Bennett. Don’t confuse it with a hyphen (-). Type this sign on Mac, press and hold the Command (⌘) key and the hit the M key. When a pair of em dashes sets off material ending with an exclamation point or a question mark, the mark is placed inside the dashes. The raya (em-dash) usually indicates separation; for example, it signals interventions of. When you type the hyphen, en dash, and em dash, no spaces should appear on either side of the punctuation mark. 1969–1981. It can be used in the middle of a sentence. This is giving me writer's block and the paper is due tomorrow. If you want to make your writing easier to read and generally look more professional, you should know what. By changing the console code page to something that does support the en dash character, such as 1252, this problem may be corrected. the first word of a subtitle. If you want to make your writing easier to read and generally look more professional, you should know what. On a Mac. g. So I wouldn't say that the dash as an actor can perform the same roles as terminal punctuation, as periods or question marks or exclamation points, but. For example, one em in an 18-point typeface equals. They represent something. Picture the em dash the same width as the letter “M” and the en dash the same width as the letter “N. Use a dash instead of a comma when you want to strongly set off an idea. But if you use them, you’ll find they can show up near a lot of punctuation marks besides dashes. The Mac command to make an em dash. Trademark ™ : ALT 0153;There are three types of dashes in writing used to convey different ideas in an engaging way. 2)”Are you OK?” is a direct question. A hyphen (-) is shorter still. A dash is a break in thought, from one focus to another. But the most important use of dashes in dialogue is to show one speaker interrupting another. A dash is used to separate part of a sentence and indicate a break. This is largely the result of the many different ways the comma is used. Some authorities include a space between the uncertain word and the opening parenthesis; others omit the space (as shown in the example below). Em dashes are most often used in pairs to call a reader’s attention to the material they set off, making words, phrases, or clauses particularly dramatic or emotional. 8. )The dash (—) is a mark of punctuation used to set off a word or phrase after an independent clause or a parenthetical remark (words, phrases, or clauses that interrupt a sentence). Don’t use end quotes between paragraphs of speech. The punctuation mark should not be confused with dashes (–, —), which are. I now seem to be able to do this if I type a character - any character - after the dash, then type the curly end quote mark, and then backspace. Though not necessarily a matter of punctuation, there is one important distinction between American and British usage when it comes to dates. Acting as a comma. The conventions for dialogue allow a narrator to “interrupt” the speakers at any time and for any reason. For example: The company’s profits have been steadily declining over the past year — a trend that is cause for concern. Em-dashes in Place of a Semicolon. Resume the dialogue with another opening quotation mark, complete the dialogue, and end with a period and a closing quotation mark. I am thinking the product_code value may actually contain an -en-dash- or an -em-dash- or something other than 0x2D that is getting displayed correctly (somehow) with the combination of CubeCart, PHP, the web server and the web browser. I'm working on being able to read transcripts of dialogue into R. 7 p. "Three—red, white, yellow—are my favorites. Punctuation is the tool that allows us to organize our thoughts and make it easier to review and share our ideas. I think the real question is whether it's allowed. You can use such punctuation as periods, commas, semi-colons, colons, parentheses, brackets, quotation marks, dashes, exclamation points, question marks and some others. Notwithstanding its versatility, the em dash is best limited to two appearances per sentence. ex. Dashes should not be overused. There are two common types of dashes: en dash and em dash which vary in length. When a colon and a comma. For example: It depends on trust — it always has. A dash is longer than a hyphen and is commonly used to indicate a range or a pause. Then, click Undo Dash. In fiction, as in other kinds of writing, you'll still want to use the em dash to indicate. When interrupters fall midsentence, always use a pair of punctuation marks to surround them. -->if the information being set off is at the end of the sentence, use just one em dash. Both Word and Scrivener automatically convert two consecutive hyphens (--) to an em-dash (—), the technical name for this punctuation mark. style guides frequently recommend using em dashes for the purposes above, while using en dashes for ranges, etc. An em-dash is used to show a break in thought—not in velocity—within a sentence (for not the greatest example). En dashes are used to indicate relationships or interactions and ranges. That being said, em dashes should not be used in place of hyphens or colons. En Dash Examples. Examples. In fact, em dashes can find an even greater role in dialog: they can replace quotation marks, though this is less common in English than in other languages. An em dash derives its name from being the approximate width of a capital M. ). DASHES. Once again, the em-dash adds more emphasis than the traditional punctuation mark. Hyphen. When interrupters fall midsentence, always use a pair of punctuation marks to surround them. (We won’t get into the serial comma issue here. ] There’s even more explanation: If the break belongs to the surrounding sentence rather than to the quoted material, the em dashes must appear outside the quotation marks. When listing information, you may use the em dash between the list and independent clause when the list comes first. )6. Here’s a trick to help you remember which is which. Resume the dialogue with another opening quotation mark, complete the dialogue, and end with a period and a closing quotation mark. The colon in Spanish is used for enumeration, explanation, or quotes, just like in English. dashes. I just replace ' with ’ text like below and my site in browser show apostrophe without rectangle around as in question ask. While the em dash is used to indicate a sudden break or interruption in a sentence, the en dash is primarily used to show a range or connection between two elements. En dashes are incredibly useful punctuation marks, used to add extra emphasis to a sentence or statement. Em dashes can be used similarly to parentheses and commas, however, they are usually considered. Press the space bar. An em dash is a versatile punctuation mark that looks like an extended dash. When using an em dash, it is important to consider the spacing around it. You’ve probably heard of hyphens and em dashes, but what about en dashes? Learn what they are and how to use them with this helpful article. Wave dash ( ～) Sorted by: 58. The example I saw comes from a tweet, reproduced here for convenience: "For today in the city of David there has been born for you a Savior—not a divine social justice warrior, not a liberation. Examples. They also can be used to focus a reader or highlight tone within a dialog. Below is a list of punctuation marks written in English; translate each term into French. To punctuate dialogue correctly, there are a few rules you should know: The correct use of quotation marks. A dash (em dash) is emphatic. To create an em-dash on a Windows computer, hold down the [Alt] key and type 0151 on the numeric keypad. Style guides often let you skip them. 91 Em dashes in lieu of quotation marks; 6. [4] 3. ) You can achieve that. ”. Follow the end quotation mark with an em dash and the action or thought and then another em dash. A space is used before and after the en-dash when used in literary copy. We use ellipses to indicate omissions of words, phrases, or even whole sentences. To create an em dash on a PC, hold down the Alt key while typing 0151 on the numberpad of the keyboard. as you would the phrase and the rest. Some word processing programs read the two hyphens automatically as the single mark of punctuation known as. Look at it. The term “em dash” comes from the field of typography—an “em” is a width equivalent to the height of a given font. As noted, MS Word and other word processors substitute an em dash for two hyphens, whereas TeX uses three hyphens. A colon is quieter; a dash is more emphatic and dramatic. Write an em dash. And an example:There are two primary types of dashes: the em dash (—) and the en dash (–). ; fibre everywhere else. An ellipsis here would show a delayed change in thought and is not correct. According to CMOS, “in British usage, an en dash (with space before and after) is usually preferred to the em dash as punctuation in running text. An em dash can also mark dialogue, signify an interruption, indicate a sudden break in thought, and introduce a list. Alt codes only work on the. e. It is used in place of ‘to’ or ‘through’. In English, there is no space between the word preceding the punctuation mark and the punctuation mark itself. g. It’s known for being a one-job punctuation mark because it simply communicates questions. A single em dash character or a tilde may also be used. This is a common editing mark and has several uses, but its primary purpose is to separate clauses and huge parts of the sentence. — Lo siento, no lo sabía. (I would even have removed to in that construction, so that the parallel starts at the verbs assume and become. the first word after a colon, em dash, or end punctuation in a heading. An em dash or colon is part of the same toolkit, but they serve slightly different purposes. These, along with the other 12, are all listed neatly and explained for you here. Select the Replace, Replace All, or Find Next button (see figure 6). The shift from em dash to en dash reflects contemporary writing practice and the new focus on digital content. Comma. Use a dash in dialogue to show an interruption or a sudden break in thought. In Google docs, use insert special character. Translation. The en dash is used to represent a span or range of numbers, dates, or time. Two em dashes can be used to indicate missing portions of a word, whether unknown or intentionally omitted. In English writing, quotation marks or inverted commas, also known informally as quotes, talking marks, speech marks, quote marks, quotemarks or speechmarks, are punctuation marks placed on either side of a word or phrase in order to identify it as a quotation, direct speech or a literal title or name. Fig. 87): English learners commonly make the mistake of using em dashes incorrectly. Command (⌘) + M. The em dash (—) is a versatile punctuation mark used to enhance the readability and clarity of written text. They are: the period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, colon, semicolon, dash, hyphen, brackets, braces, parentheses, apostrophe, quotation mark, and ellipsis. College communications rarely require the formal four-point ellipsis. The question mark can be used to indicate editorial uncertainty, either in parentheses or in brackets. 1 Answer. Nope, no need for spaces! In US English, there should only be a space before an em dash if it’s at the start of a sentence and after an em dash if it’s at the end of a sentence. –8:30 p. Em dashes join onto the words before and after—like this. 🙽. At a fundamental level, an Em dash is used to create a strong break in the structure of a sentence. Being so versatile can create confusion if overused, therefore it is best limited to two appearances per sentence. After three weeks of deliberation, the jury finally reached a verdict: guilty. 88 Em dashes with “that is,” “namely,” “for example,” and similar expressions; 6. 5. The en dash is a symbol (–) that is slightly wider than a hyphen (-). ”. An ellipsis may be preceded or followed by other punctuation. answered Jul 7, 2010 at 7:53. punctuation. Use dashes and ellipses to cut sentences off. To be effective, the exclamation point should be used in moderation. I wasn’t exaggerating when I said the em-dash was versatile—it can even take the place of the semicolon. ” Stutters, Stammers, and Pauses. It doesn't. When a quotation is presented as a single sentence made up of material from two or more original sentences, ellipses should be used for all omitted segments. Other Types of Dash. In informal writing, feet and inches are sometimes expressed as, for example, 5′ 10″ (read: five feet and ten inches). Think of them as shouting, speaking, and whispering. Thoreau believes that “if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life. "-", the line in notepad will look like this for e. It is similar in appearance to the hyphen but is longer and sometimes higher from the baseline. In general it is the same length as an em-dash, and so this is often used instead. Remember to: Use a colon to emphasize dialogue, show titles and time, or introduce a list. While the ellipsis and the dash both represent breaks in text, the dash—or more precisely, the em dash —represents an abrupt interruption. How to create en dashes and em dashes. 92 Em dashes in lists, indexes, and tables;. Example. You create an em-dash by typing two hyphens, and most word processing programs will tie them automatically into the longer dash. The dash works somewhat like parentheses or commas, but it is used where a stronger punctuation is needed. Exclamation point. A hyphen (-) is a punctuation mark used to connect two or more words (or parts of words) to show that they form one unit of sense—e. 1. The hex number is case-insensitive,. It has two main functions. There should be no space between the en dash and the adjacent material. It probably wouldn’t get away with trying to impersonate a question mark or an exclamation point, but it can stand in for just about any of the other standard sentence marks. It indicates that the width of a printed matter is equal to its point size or height. Parenthesis, em dash, and en dash - Create sentences that need parenthesis, em dashes, and en dashes but leave them out. An em-dash can be used alone, as in this example from the online The Punctuation Guide: After months of deliberation, the jurors reached a unanimous verdict—guilty. Hyphens are used to create compound words like: Load-bearing; Well-loved; Great-looking; Less-commonly used punctuation marks Interrobang. Ellipsis, dash, and colon. The en dash is twice as long as a hyphen and is most commonly used to signify a range between two words or numbers, for example the date range: 1990-2014. It's a completely different use case. The em dash is used when an idea is being interrupted, when clarification is needed, when elaboration is needed, or when items are being listed in a sentence. FWIW, my product_codes that have a dash show as a dash (hex 2D). SQL Developer is Java based which does not use NLS_LANG settings but SQL*Plus does, so you have to set NLS_LANG properly. The en dash is a punctuation mark that is slightly longer than a hyphen (-) but shorter than an em dash (—). It may be used in place of commas, a semicolon, a colon, or parentheses. An en dash is. For example, with mo—n for 'more than', the dash is likely to be written at x-height. The web's most comprehensive guide to American punctuation. ”. Check out all the nuances of this tricky punctuation mark. What ‽ When your sentence calls for a question mark and an exclamation mark, the interrobang is the punctuation mark you need. Typically I replace these special characters in a microsoft product first with replace. The report covers the period 1998–1999. Em dash character is not a part of ASCII character set. A hyphen makes compound words. The en dash, which is slightly shorter, and the em dash, which is the one you can see in the previous paragraph. g. En dashes (–) represent a range between numbers, dates, and times. On our way to school, we walk past the Turner Farm—the oldest dairy farm in town—and watch the cows being fed. 1986–1998Tip. But in that case the dash is supposed to be the length of the omitted word, not just a mere em-dash. I know I could—and probably should—just remove the question mark, having only the em dash for separation, but then that gets rid of that question-like tone I want the reader to have. In doing so, the em dash acts similarly to commas, semicolons, colons, and parentheses. JAWS is the most likely of the screen readers to read these kinds of punctuation marks. These sentences can be in the form of a direct question or an indirect question. The em dash is used to represent how the first speaker is being interrupted by the second. In 3, the dash is used in place of a comma, since the change in tone is occuring at the same time as the dialog is being spoken, or near enough that it's the same action. This. It’s a long dash, the length of two connected hyphens. Being so versatile can create confusion if overused, therefore it is best limited to two appearances per sentence. Dash: Dashes set off a series within a phrase: “Of the many breakfast options — omelets, waffles, pastries — he only wanted coffee”; indicate a break in thought: “Felipe’s is a popular eatery — in Harvard Square”; or attribute a quotation to an author: “‘You must do the thing you think you cannot do. Paréntesis (Parentheses) 10. Hold down. 3 Answers Sorted by: 2 No, because the dash (which should properly be an M-dash, like this — ) is an interrupter. To insert an em dash in MS Word, you must: Type a word (don’t put a space after it) Type two hyphens. net web application. Depending on the context, the en dash is read as “to” or “through.